TOEFL (IBT, PBT, CBT)

The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) is created and scored by Educational Testing Service (ETS). Since 1964, ETS has designed three versions of the TOEFL:

1964: The Paper-Based Test (PBT)
1998: The Computer-Based Test (CBT)
2004: The Internet-Based Test (iBT).

Although you take the iBT on a computer, it is not the CBT, which is no longer offered anywhere in the world. The PBT is offered in countries that do not offer the iBT, and it is also offered two or three times a year in countries that also offer the iBT. In contrast, there are about 40 test dates per year for the iBT, which occur one time per weekend, usually on Friday or Saturday, but sometimes on Sunday.

PLEASE NOTE: because the CBT has been discontinued, it is very important that you not read websites or buy books that talk about the “CBT”. These sources have outdated information that is now irrelevant to TOEFL study.

Each version of the test has its own scoring scale.

PBT: 310-677
CBT: 0-300
iBT: 0-120

Because the PBT was the only TOEFL from 1964 to 1998, many institutions still speak only in terms of the PBT scoring system. And a significant number of institutions that did update their information when the CBT came out failed to update it again when the iBT was released. This means that you may still find institutions stating that they need a score of “550” (PBT) or “213” (CBT). These scores are equivalent to the iBT score of 79/80 which tends to be the minimum score for most four year colleges and graduate programs. Since you will most likely be taking an iBT, it is important for you to know the iBT score you’re trying to achieve. Here is a link to a conversion table that will help you determine the iBT equivalent when an institution only provides PBT or CBT requirements.

Third-party companies administer the test, which means that if you have a problem with the test, you will have to determine if you need to contact ETS or if you have to contact the company that owns the testing center. It is usually best to begin with ETS and they will direct you, if necessary, to the testing center. It is just good to remember, though, that you might be dealing with two different companies for this one test, and if that distinction is not clear, you may be confused about who you are talking to and why.  

Many students think that the PBT is an easier test than the iBT for a few reasons:

1. It has a grammar section, and some people think that grammar rules are easier to learn.
2. It does not have a Speaking section.
3. You can see the Listening questions while you are listening to the Lecture
4. There is only one essay to write instead of two.

Strictly English cannot stress enough that favoring the PBT over the iBT is a very bad way to begin your preparation for studying in an English-speaking institution. The demands of a university education will be far harder than even the iBT, so if you’re trying to run from taking the iBT because it is too difficult, then you will most likely find your university courses impossible. In addition, at the center of university education—especially in MBA programs—is a strong focus on classroom discussion and group classes that require a lot of talking. If you’re trying to avoid the iBT because you cannot speak clearly, then this is a big indication that you are not ready for graduate school. So instead of lowering your expectations, raise them!




Sumber : http://www.f1gmat.com/toefl/three-version-PBT-CBT-iBT

The Masque of the Red Death

The red death had long devastated the country.No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and its seal--the madness and the horror of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim, were the pest ban which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow-men. And the whole seizure, progress, and termination of the disease, were incidents of half an hour.

But Prince Prospero was happy and dauntless and sagacious. When his dominions were half depopulated, he summoned to his presence a thousand hale and light-hearted friends from among the knights and dames of his court, and with these retired to the deep seclusion of one of his crenellated abbeys. This was an extensive and magnificent structure, the creation of the prince's own eccentric yet august taste. A strong and lofty wall girdled it in. This wall had gates of iron. The courtiers, having entered, brought furnaces and massy hammers and welded the bolts.

They resolved to leave means neither of ingress nor egress to the sudden impulses of despair or of frenzy from within. The abbey was amply provisioned. With such precautions the courtiers might bid defiance to contagion. The external world could take care of itself. In the meantime it was folly to grieve or to think. The prince had provided all the appliances of pleasure. There were buffoons, there were improvisatori, there were ballet-dancers, there were musicians, there was Beauty, there was wine. All these and security were within. Without was the "Red Death."

It was toward the close of the fifth or sixth month of his seclusion that the Prince Prospero entertained his thousand friends at a masked ball of the most unusual magnificence.

It was a voluptuous scene, that masquerade. But first let me tell of the rooms in which it was held. There were seven--an imperial suite, In many palaces, however, such suites form a long and straight vista, while the folding doors slide back nearly to the walls on either hand, so that the view of the whole extant is scarcely impeded. Here the case was very different; as might have been expected from the duke's love of the "bizarre." The apartments were so irregularly disposed that the vision embraced but little more than one at a time. There was a sharp turn at the right and left, in the middle of each wall, a tall and narrow Gothic window looked out upon a closed corridor of which pursued the windings of the suite. These windows were of stained glass whose color varied in accordance with the prevailing hue of the decorations of the chamber into which it opened. That at the eastern extremity was hung, for example, in blue--and vividly blue were its windows. The second chamber was purple in its ornaments and tapestries, and here the panes were purple. The third was green throughout, and so were the casements. The fourth was furnished and lighted with orange--the fifth with white--the sixth with violet. The seventh apartment was closely shrouded in black velvet tapestries that hung all over the ceiling and down the walls, falling in heavy folds upon a carpet of the same material and hue. But in this chamber only, the color of the windows failed to correspond with the decorations. The panes were scarlet--a deep blood color. Now in no one of any of the seven apartments was there any lamp or candelabrum, amid the profusion of golden ornaments that lay scattered to and fro and depended from the roof. There was no light of any kind emanating from lamp or candle within the suite of chambers. But in the corridors that followed the suite, there stood, opposite each window, a heavy tripod, bearing a brazier of fire, that projected its rays through the tinted glass and so glaringly lit the room. And thus were produced a multitude of gaudy and fantastic appearances. But in the western or back chamber the effect of the fire-light that streamed upon the dark hangings through the blood-tinted panes was ghastly in the extreme, and produced so wild a look upon the countenances of those who entered, that there were few of the company bold enough to set foot within its precincts at all. It was within this apartment, also, that there stood against the western wall, a gigantic clock of ebony. It pendulum swung to and fro with a dull, heavy, monotonous clang; and when the minute-hand made the circuit of the face, and the hour was to be stricken, there came from the brazen lungs of the clock a sound which was clear and loud and deep and exceedingly musical, but of so peculiar a note and emphasis that, at each lapse of an hour, the musicians of the orchestra were constrained to pause, momentarily, in their performance, to hearken to the sound; and thus the waltzers perforce ceased their evolutions; and there was a brief disconcert of the whole gay company; and while the chimes of the clock yet rang. it was observed that the giddiest grew pale, and the more aged and sedate passed their hands over their brows as if in confused revery or meditation. But when the echoes had fully ceased, a light laughter at once pervaded the assembly; the musicians looked at each other and smiled as if at their own nervousness and folly, and made whispering vows, each to the other, that the next chiming of the clock should produce in them no similar emotion; and then, after the lapse of sixty minutes (which embrace three thousand and six hundred seconds of Time that flies), there came yet another chiming of the clock, and then were the same disconcert and tremulousness and meditation as before. But, in spite of these things, it was a gay and magnificent revel. The tastes of the duke were peculiar. He had a fine eye for color and effects. He disregarded the "decora" of mere fashion. His plans were bold and fiery, and his conceptions glowed with barbaric lustre. There are some who would have thought him mad. His followers felt that he was not. It was necessary to hear and see and touch him to be _sure_ he was not.

He had directed, in great part, the movable embellishments of the seven chambers, upon occasion of this great fete; and it was his own guiding taste which had given character to the masqueraders. Be sure they were grotesque. There were much glare and glitter and piquancy and phantasm--much of what has been seen in "Hernani." There were arabesque figures with unsuited limbs and appointments. There were delirious fancies such as the madman fashions. There were much of the beautiful, much of the wanton, much of the bizarre, something of the terrible, and not a little of that which might have excited disgust. To and fro in the seven chambers stalked, in fact, a multitude of dreams. And these the dreams--writhed in and about, taking hue from the rooms, and causing the wild music of the orchestra to seem as the echo of their steps. And, anon, there strikes the ebony clock which stands in the hall of the velvet. And then, for a moment, all is still, and all is silent save the voice of the clock. The dreams are stiff-frozen as they stand. But the echoes of the chime die away--they have endured but an instant--and a light half-subdued laughter floats after them as they depart. And now the music swells, and the dreams live, and writhe to and fro more merrily than ever, taking hue from the many-tinted windows through which stream the rays of the tripods. But to the chamber which lies most westwardly of the seven there are now none of the maskers who venture, for the night is waning away; and there flows a ruddier light through the blood-colored panes; and the blackness of the sable drapery appalls; and to him whose foot falls on the sable carpet, there comes from the near clock of ebony a muffled peal more solemnly emphatic than any which reaches _their_ ears who indulge in the more remote gaieties of the other apartments.

But these other apartments were densely crowded, and in them beat feverishly the heart of life. And the revel went whirlingly on, until at length there commenced the sounding of midnight upon the clock. And then the music ceased, as I have told; and the evolutions of the waltzers were quieted; and there was an uneasy cessation of all things as before. But now there were twelve strokes to be sounded by the bell of the clock; and thus it happened, perhaps that more of thought crept, with more of time into the meditations of the thoughtful among those who revelled. And thus too, it happened, that before the last echoes of the last chime had utterly sunk into silence, there were many individuals in the crowd who had found leisure to become aware of the presence of a masked figure which had arrested the attention of no single individual before. And the rumor of this new presence having spread itself whisperingly around, there arose at length from the whole company a buzz, or murmur, of horror, and of disgust.

In an assembly of phantasms such as I have painted, it may well be supposed that no ordinary appearance could have excited such sensation. In truth the masquerade license of the night was nearly unlimited; but the figure in question had out-Heroded Herod, and gone beyond the bounds of even the prince's indefinite decorum. There are chords in the hearts of the most reckless which cannot be touched without emotion. Even with the utterly lost, to whom life and death are equally jests, there are matters of which no jest can be made. The whole company, indeed, seemed now deeply to feel that in the costume and bearing of the stranger neither wit nor propriety existed. The figure was tall and gaunt, and shrouded from head to foot in the habiliments of the grave. The mask which concealed the visage was made so nearly to resemble the countenance of a stiffened corpse that the closest scrutiny must have difficulty in detecting the cheat. And yet all this might have been endured, if not approved, by the mad revellers around. But the mummer had gone so far as to assume the type of the Red Death. His vesture was dabbled in _blood_--and his broad brow, with all the features of his face, was besprinkled with the scarlet horror.

When the eyes of Prince Prospero fell on this spectral image (which, with a slow and solemn movement, as if more fully to sustain its role, stalked to and fro among the waltzers) he was seen to be convulsed, in the first moment with a strong shudder either of terror or distaste; but in the next, his brow reddened with rage.

"Who dares"--he demanded hoarsely of the courtiers who stood near him--"who dares insult us with this blasphemous mockery? Seize him and unmask him--that we may know whom we have to hang, at sunrise, from the battlements!"

It was in the eastern or blue chamber in which stood Prince Prospero as he uttered these words. They rang throughout the seven rooms loudly and clearly, for the prince was a bold and robust man, and the music had become hushed at the waving of his hand.

It was in the blue room where stood the prince, with a group of pale courtiers by his side. At first, as he spoke, there was a slight rushing movement of this group in the direction of the intruder, who, at the moment was also near at hand, and now, with deliberate and stately step, made closer approach to the speaker. But from a certain nameless awe with which the mad assumptions of the mummer had inspired the whole party, there were found none who put forth a hand to seize him; so that, unimpeded, he passed within a yard of the prince's person; and while the vast assembly, as with one impulse, shrank from the centers of the rooms to the walls, he made his way uninterruptedly, but with the same solemn and measured step which had distinguished him from the first, through the blue chamber to the purple--to the purple to the green--through the green to the orange--through this again to the white--and even thence to the violet, ere a decided movement had been made to arrest him. It was then, however, that the Prince Prospero, maddened with rage and the shame of his own momentary cowardice, rushed hurriedly through the six chambers, while none followed him on account of a deadly terror that had seized upon all. He bore aloft a drawn dagger, and had approached, in rapid impetuosity, to within three or four feet of the retreating figure, when the latter, having attained the extremity of the velvet apartment, turned suddenly and confronted his pursuer. There was a sharp cry--and the dagger dropped gleaming upon the sable carpet, upon which most instantly afterward, fell prostrate in death the Prince Prospero. Then summoning the wild courage of despair, a throng of the revellers at once threw themselves into the black apartment, and seizing the mummer whose tall figure stood erect and motionless within the shadow of the ebony clock, gasped in unutterable horror at finding the grave cerements and corpse-like mask, which they handled with so violent a rudeness, untenanted by any tangible form.

And now was acknowledged the presence of the red death. He had come like a thief in the night. And one by one dropped the revellers in the blood-bedewed halls of their revel, and died each in the despairing posture of his fall. And the life of the ebony clock went out with that of the last of the gay. And the flames of the tripods expired. And darkness and decay and the red death held illimitable dominion over all.

A Dark Brown Dog

 

A Child was standing on a street-corner. He leaned with one shoulder against a high board-fence and swayed the other to and fro, the while kicking carelessly at the gravel.

Sunshine beat upon the cobbles, and a lazy summer wind raised yellow dust which trailed in clouds down the avenue. Clattering trucks moved with indistinctness through it. The child stood dreamily gazing.

After a time, a little dark-brown dog came trotting with an intent air down the sidewalk. A short rope was dragging from his neck. Occasionally he trod upon the end of it and stumbled.

He stopped opposite the child, and the two regarded each other. The dog hesitated for a moment, but presently he made some little advances with his tail. The child put out his hand and called him. In an apologetic manner the dog came close, and the two had an interchange of friendly pattings and waggles. The dog became more enthusiastic with each moment of the interview, until with his gleeful caperings he threatened to overturn the child. Whereupon the child lifted his hand and struck the dog a blow upon the head.

This thing seemed to overpower and astonish the little dark-brown dog, and wounded him to the heart. He sank down in despair at the child's feet. When the blow was repeated, together with an admonition in childish sentences, he turned over upon his back, and held his paws in a peculiar manner. At the same time with his ears and his eyes he offered a small prayer to the child. 

He looked so comical on his back, and holding his paws peculiarly, that the child was greatly amused and gave him little taps repeatedly, to keep him so. But the little dark-brown dog took this chastisement in the most serious way, and no doubt considered that he had committed some grave crime, for he wriggled contritely and showed his repentance in every way that was in his power. He pleaded with the child and petitioned him, and offered more prayers. 

At last the child grew weary of this amusement and turned toward home. The dog was praying at the time. He lay on his back and turned his eyes upon the retreating form. 

Presently he struggled to his feet and started after the child. The latter wandered in a perfunctory way toward his home, stopping at times to investigate various matters. During one of these pauses he discovered the little dark-brown dog who was following him with the air of a footpad. 

The child beat his pursuer with a small stick he had found. The dog lay down and prayed until the child had finished, and resumed his journey. Then he scrambled erect and took up the pursuit again. 

On the way to his home the child turned many times and beat the dog, proclaiming with childish gestures that he held him in contempt as an unimportant dog, with no value save for a moment. For being this quality of animal the dog apologized and eloquently expressed regret, but he continued stealthily to follow the child. His manner grew so very guilty that he slunk like an assassin. 

When the child reached his door-step, the dog was industriously ambling a few yards in the rear. He became so agitated with shame when he again confronted the child that he forgot the dragging rope. He tripped upon it and fell forward. 

The child sat down on the step and the two had another interview. During it the dog greatly exerted himself to please the child. He performed a few gambols with such abandon that the child suddenly saw him to be a valuable thing. He made a swift, avaricious charge and seized the rope. 

He dragged his captive into a hall and up many long stairways in a dark tenement. The dog made willing efforts, but he could not hobble very skilfully up the stairs because he was very small and soft, and at last the pace of the engrossed child grew so energetic that the dog became panic-stricken. In his mind he was being dragged toward a grim unknown. His eyes grew wild with the terror of it. He began to wiggle his head frantically and to brace his legs. 

The child redoubled his exertions. They had a battle on the stairs. The child was victorious because he was completely absorbed in his purpose, and because the dog was very small. He dragged his acquirement to the door of his home, and finally with triumph across the threshold. 

No one was in. The child sat down on the floor and made overtures to the dog. These the dog instantly accepted. He beamed with affection upon his new friend. In a short time they were firm and abiding comrades. 

When the child's family appeared, they made a great row. The dog was examined and commented upon and called names. Scorn was leveled at him from all eyes, so that he became much embarrassed and drooped like a scorched plant. But the child went sturdily to the center of the floor, and, at the top of his voice, championed the dog. It happened that he was roaring protestations, with his arms clasped about the dog's neck, when the father of the family came in from work. 

The parent demanded to know what the blazes they were making the kid howl for. It was explained in many words that the infernal kid wanted to introduce a disreputable dog into the family. 
A family council was held. On this depended the dog's fate, but he in no way heeded, being busily engaged in chewing the end of the child's dress. 

The affair was quickly ended. The father of the family, it appears, was in a particularly savage temper that evening, and when he perceived that it would amaze and anger everybody if such a dog were allowed to remain, he decided that it should be so. The child, crying softly, took his friend off to a retired part of the room to hobnob with him, while the father quelled a fierce rebellion of his wife. So it came to pass that the dog was a member of the household. 

He and the child were associated together at all times save when the child slept. The child became a guardian and a friend. If the large folk kicked the dog and threw things at him, the child made loud and violent objections. Once when the child had run, protesting loudly, with tears raining down his face and his arms outstretched, to protect his friend, he had been struck in the head with a very large saucepan from the hand of his father, enraged at some seeming lack of courtesy in the dog. Ever after, the family were careful how they threw things at the dog. Moreover, the latter grew very skilful in avoiding missiles and feet. In a small room containing a stove, a table, a bureau and some chairs, he would display strategic ability of a high order, dodging, feinting and scuttling about among the furniture. He could force three or four people armed with brooms, sticks and handfuls of coal, to use all their ingenuity to get in a blow. And even when they did, it was seldom that they could do him a serious injury or leave any imprint. 

But when the child was present, these scenes did not occur. It came to be recognized that if the dog was molested, the child would burst into sobs, and as the child, when started, was very riotous and practically unquenchable, the dog had therein a safeguard. 

However, the child could not always be near. At night, when he was asleep, his dark-brown friend would raise from some black corner a wild, wailful cry, a song of infinite lowliness and despair, that would go shuddering and sobbing among the buildings of the block and cause people to swear. At these times the singer would often be chased all over the kitchen and hit with a great variety of articles. 

Sometimes, too, the child himself used to beat the dog, although it is not known that he ever had what could be truly called a just cause. The dog always accepted these thrashings with an air of admitted guilt. He was too much of a dog to try to look to be a martyr or to plot revenge. He received the blows with deep humility, and furthermore he forgave his friend the moment the child had finished, and was ready to caress the child's hand with his little red tongue. 

When misfortune came upon the child, and his troubles overwhelmed him, he would often crawl under the table and lay his small distressed head on the dog's back. The dog was ever sympathetic. It is not to be supposed that at such times he took occasion to refer to the unjust beatings his friend, when provoked, had administered to him. 

He did not achieve any notable degree of intimacy with the other members of the family. He had no confidence in them, and the fear that he would express at their casual approach often exasperated them exceedingly. They used to gain a certain satisfaction in underfeeding him, but finally his friend the child grew to watch the matter with some care, and when he forgot it, the dog was often successful in secret for himself. 
So the dog prospered. He developed a large bark, which came wondrously from such a small rug of a dog. He ceased to howl persistently at night. Sometimes, indeed, in his sleep, he would utter little yells, as from pain, but that occurred, no doubt, when in his dreams he encountered huge flaming dogs who threatened him direfully. 

His devotion to the child grew until it was a sublime thing. He wagged at his approach; he sank down in despair at his departure. He could detect the sound of the child's step among all the noises of the neighborhood. It was like a calling voice to him. 

The scene of their companionship was a kingdom governed by this terrible potentate, the child; but neither criticism nor rebellion ever lived for an instant in the heart of the one subject. Down in the mystic, hidden fields of his little dog-soul bloomed flowers of love and fidelity and perfect faith. 

The child was in the habit of going on many expeditions to observe strange things in the vicinity. On these occasions his friend usually jogged aimfully along behind. Perhaps, though, he went ahead. This necessitated his turning around every quarter-minute to make sure the child was coming. He was filled with a large idea of the importance of these journeys. He would carry himself with such an air! He was proud to be the retainer of so great a monarch. 

One day, however, the father of the family got quite exceptionally drunk. He came home and held carnival with the cooking utensils, the furniture and his wife. He was in the midst of this recreation when the child, followed by the dark-brown dog, entered the room. They were returning from their voyages. 

The child's practised eye instantly noted his father's state. He dived under the table, where experience had taught him was a rather safe place. The dog, lacking skill in such matters, was, of course, unaware of the true condition of affairs. He looked with interested eyes at his friend's sudden dive. He interpreted it to mean: Joyous gambol. He started to patter across the floor to join him. He was the picture of a little dark-brown dog en route to a friend. 

The head of the family saw him at this moment. He gave a huge howl of joy, and knocked the dog down with a heavy coffee-pot. The dog, yelling in supreme astonishment and fear, writhed to his feet and ran for cover. The man kicked out with a ponderous foot. It caused the dog to swerve as if caught in a tide. A second blow of the coffee-pot laid him upon the floor. 

Here the child, uttering loud cries, came valiantly forth like a knight. The father of the family paid no attention to these calls of the child, but advanced with glee upon the dog. Upon being knocked down twice in swift succession, the latter apparently gave up all hope of escape. He rolled over on his back and held his paws in a peculiar manner. At the same time with his eyes and his ears he offered up a small prayer. 

But the father was in a mood for having fun, and it occurred to him that it would be a fine thing to throw the dog out of the window. So he reached down and grabbing the animal by a leg, lifted him, squirming, up. He swung him two or three times hilariously about his head, and then flung him with great accuracy through the window. 

The soaring dog created a surprise in the block. A woman watering plants in an opposite window gave an involuntary shout and dropped a flower-pot. A man in another window leaned perilously out to watch the flight of the dog. A woman, who had been hanging out clothes in a yard, began to caper wildly. Her mouth was filled with clothes-pins, but her arms gave vent to a sort of exclamation. In appearance she was like a gagged prisoner. Children ran whooping. 

The dark-brown body crashed in a heap on the roof of a shed five stories below. From thence it rolled to the pavement of an alleyway. 

The child in the room far above burst into a long, dirgelike cry, and toddled hastily out of the room. It took him a long time to reach the alley, because his size compelled him to go downstairs backward, one step at a time, and holding with both hands to the step above. 

When they came for him later, they found him seated by the body of his dark-brown friend.

The Crying Stone

In a small village, a girl lives with her mother. The girl is very beautiful. Everyday she puts make-up and wears her best clothes. She doesn’t like to help her mother work in a field. The girl is very lazy.

One day, the mother asks the girl to accompany her to go to the market to buy some food. At first the girl refuses, but the mother persuades her by saying they are going to buy new clothes. The girl finally agrees. But she asks her mother to walk behind her. She doesn’t want to walk side by side with her mother. Although her mother is very sad, she agrees to walk behind her daughter.

On the way to the market, everybody admires the girl’s beauty. They are also curious. Behind the beautiful girl, there is an old woman with a simple dress. The girl and her mother look very different!

“Hello, pretty lady. Who is the woman behind you?” asks them.

“She is my servant,” answers the girl.

The mother is very sad, but she doesn’t say anything.

The girl and the mother meet other people. Again they ask who the woman behind the beautiful girl. Again the girl answers that her mother is her servant. She always says that her mother is her servant every time they meet people.

At last, the mother cannot hold the pain anymore. She prays to God to punish her daughter. God answers her prayer. Slowly, the girl’s leg turns into stone. The process continues to the upper part of the girl’s body. The girl is very panicky.

“Mother, please forgive me!” she cries and ask her mother to forgive her.

But it’s too late. Her whole body finally becomes a big stone. Until now people still can see tears falling down the stone. People then call it the crying stone or batu menangis.

Style In Written English

TUGAS TOEFL 3 Nama : Pitoyo Hari Sasongko Kelas : 3EB15 NPM : 25210344 1. The defendant refused to answer the presecutor’s questions ______ a. Because he was afraid it would incriminate him. That sentence is wrong. Because there is no antecedent for the pronoun it b. For fear that they will incriminate him That sentence is wrong. There is an incorrect sequence of tenses. The word for and fear more not the appropriate word to use. c. Because he was afraid that his answer would incriminate him That sentence is correct. d. Fearing that he will be incriminated by it That sentence is wrong because Fearing that he will be incriminated by it is an Incorrect sequence of tenses. Form of the sentence should be past progresive/simple past or past perfect 2. Mrs. Walker has returned _______ a. A wallet back to its original owner Incorrect. Because After return we don’t need to add back b. To its original owner the wallet That Sentence is incorrect because preposition is not necessary c. The wallet to its originally owner That sentence is incorrect because originally do not to add –ly. But Originally should be original d. The wallet to its original owner That sentence is correct 3. The hospital owes _____ for the contruction of the new wing. a. The government twenty million dollars That sentence is correct b. For the government twenty million dollars That sentence is wrong. Because the preposition “ for ’’ is incorrect c. To the government twenty million dollars That sentence is wrong. Because the preposition “ to ’’ is incorrect d. Twenty million of dollars to the government that sentence is incorrect, because the preposition "of" is incorrect 4. Sarah _____ that she could not attend classes next week. a. Told to her professors that sentence is wrong because told must be followed directly by indirect object so preposition (to) is incorrect b. Said her professors that sentence is wrong because It is not correct to follow the verb said with the name of a person or people. c. Told her professors That sentence is correct d. Is telling her professors Incorrect because Is telling her profesors is an Incorrect sequence of tenses. Form of the sentence should be past progresive/simple past or past perfect 5. The artist was asked to show some paintings at the contest because ______ a. He painted very good That sentence is incorrect. because “good’’ is an adjective. so we must replace “Good’’ with “ well’’ b. They belived he painted well Incorrect. The pronoun “they’’ has no antecedent c. Of their belief that he was an good artist Incorrect. The pronoun “they’’ has no antecedent and must replace to be “ an’’ with “a’’ d. The judges had been told of his talent That sentence is correct 6. If motorist do not observe (A) the (B) traffic regulations,they (C) will be stopped, ticketed, and have to pay a fine (D) The incorrect answer is (D), because the sentence is parallel structure. So we must replace “ have to pay a fine’’ with fined. correct phrase is If motorists do not observe the traffic regulations, they will be stopped, ticketed, and fined”. 7. Fred, who usually conducts the choir rehearsals(A), did not show up(B) last night because he had(C) an accident on his way to the practice(D). The incorrect answer is ( C ), because the sentence should used the past perfect. so the correct phrase is Fred, who usually conducts the choir rehearsals did not show up last night because he had had an accident on his way to the practice 8 . A short time (A) before her operation last(B) month, Mrs. Carlyle dreams(C) of her daughter who lives overseas(D) The incorrect answer is ( C ), because the “ last month” is past tense. So we must replace “ dreams’’ with “ dreamed, dreamt’’ the correct sentence is A short time before her operation last month, Mrs. Carlyle dreamt of her daughter who lives overseas. 9. The atmosphere in Andalucia(A) is open, warm, and gives a welcome feeling(B) to all who(C) have the good(D) fortune to visit there. The incorrect answer is ( B ), because the sentence is not parallel structure. so must to change so that will be formed good parallel. "welcome'' should be " welcoming'' 10. Some of the (A) people were standing (B) in the streetwatched (C) the parade, while others (D) were singing songs. The incorrect answer is ( C ), because the sentence is parallel structure. So “ watched’’ should be “watching’’ the correct sentence is Some of the people were standing in the street watching the parade, while other were singing songs”.

english softskill task 2 TOEFL

NAMA      : PITOYO HARI SASONGKO

KELAS/NPM       : 3EB15/ 25210344

TOEFL EXERCISE ( Skill 1-3 ) : Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.

1.         Nobody (A) know when the (B) process of glass-making (C) was (D) inveted.

The incorrect answer is (A) know, because the subject “nobody” is singular, so we must add s to the “know” become “knows”. because an object.

2.   The languages of the world (A) presents a vast (B) array of structural (C) similarities and (D) differences.

The incorrect answer is (A) presents, because the subject “the languages of the world” is plural, so we must omit of the -s from “presents”.

3.         The rise of multinationals (A) have (B) resulted in a great deal of legal ambiguity because multinationals (C) can (D) operate in so many juridictions.

The incorrect answer is (A) have, because the subject “ The rise of multinationals” is singular,  then the correct answer is “has” not “have”

the correct sentence is The rise of multinationals has resulted in a great deal of legal ambiguity because multinationals can operate in so many juridictions. 

4.       All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States (A) has even (B) numbers, while north-south interstate highways (C) are (D) odd-numbered.

The incorrect answer is (A) has, because the subject “all of the east-west interstate highways in the United States” is plural, and the correct answer is “have” not “has”.

5.         (A) When a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud (B) exploded in 1987, a wave of neutrinos (C) were (D) detected on Earth.

The incorrect answer is (C) were, because the subject “a wave of neutrinos” is singular, then we should use “was” not “were”

6.         Every open space in the (A) targeted area that (B) has grass and few bushes (C) are (D) occupied by the white-crowned sparrow.

The wrong word in the sentence above is (C) are, because the subject is singular, so we must replace “are” with "is".

I think The correct sentence is Every open space in the targeted area that has grass and few bushes is occupied by the white-crowned sparrow.

7.         Krakataoa (A) is remembered as the volcano that (B) put so much ash into the air that sunsets around the world (C) was affected for two years (D) afterward.

The incorrect answer is (B) put, because the subject is singular, so we must add -s to “put” become “puts”.

8.         The term “Yankee” (A) was originally a nickname for people from New England, but now anyone from the United States (B) are (C) reffered (D) to as a Yankee.

The wrong word in the sentence above is (B) are, because the subject “anyone from the United States” is singular, so we must replace “are” with “is”.

9.         A network of small arteries, mostly (A) sandwiched between the skin and the (B) underlying muscles, (C) supply (D) blood to the face and scalp.

The incorrect answer is (C) supply, because the subject is singular, so we must add –s/-es to the “supply  become “supplies”.

10.     Mesquite (A) is a (B) small tree in the Southwest (C) who can (D) withstand the severest drought.

The incorrect answer is (C) who, because the subject is a thing not human, so we must replace “who” with “which” or “that”.

Cara Membuat Ringkasan yang Baik

Bagi orang yang sudah terbiasa membuat ringkasan, mungkin kaidah yang berlaku dalam menyusun ringkasan telah tertanam dalam benaknya. Meski demikian, tentulah perlu diberikan beberapa patokan sebagai pegangan dalam membuat ringkasan terutama bagi mereka yang baru mulai atau belum pernah membuat ringkasan. Berikut ini beberapa pegangan yang dipergunakan untuk membuat ringkasan yang baik dan teratur.

1. Membaca Naskah Asli
   Bacalah naskah asli sekali atau dua kali, kalau perlu berulang kali agar Anda mengetahui kesan umum tentang karangan tersebut secara menyeluruh. Penulis ringkasan juga perlu mengetahui maksud dan sudut pandangan penulis naskah asli. Untuk mencapainya, judul dan daftar isi tulisan (kalau ada) dapat dijadikan pegangan karena perincian daftar isi memunyai pertalian dengan judul dan alinea-alinea dalam tulisan menunjang pokok-pokok yang tercantum dalam daftar isi.
2. Mencatat Gagasan Utama
   Jika Anda sudah menangkap maksud, kesan umum, dan sudut pandangan pengarang asli, silakan memperdalam dan mengonkritkan semua hal itu. Bacalah kembali karangan itu bagian demi bagian, alinea demi alinea sambil mencatat semua gagasan yang penting dalam bagian atau alinea itu. Pokok-pokok yang telah dicatat dipakai untuk menyusun sebuah ringkasan. Langkah kedua ini juga menggunakan judul dan daftar isi sebagai pegangan. Yang menjadi sasaran pencatatan adalah judul-judul bab, judul anak bab, dan alinea, kalau perlu gagasan bawahan alinea yang betul-betul esensial untuk memperjelas gagasan utama tadi juga dicatat.
3. Mengadakan Reproduksi
   Pakailah kesan umum dan hasil pencatatan untuk membuat ringkasan. Urutan isi disesuaikan dengan naskah asli, tapi kalimat-kalimat dalam ringkasan yang dibuat adalah kalimat-kalimat baru yang sekaligus menggambarkan kembali isi dari karangan aslinya. Bila gagasan yang telah dicatat ada yang masih kabur, silakan melihat kembali teks aslinya, tapi jangan melihat teks asli lagi untuk hal lainnya agar Anda tidak tergoda untuk menggunakan kalimat dari penulis asli. Karena kalimat penulis asli hanya boleh digunakan bila kalimat itu dianggap penting karena merupakan kaidah, kesimpulan, atau perumusan yang padat.
4. Ketentuan Tambahan
   Setelah melakukan langkah ketiga, terdapat beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan agar ringkasan itu diterima sebagai suatu tulisan yang baik.
   1. Susunlah ringkasan dalam kalimat tunggal daripada kalimat majemuk.
   2. Ringkaskanlah kalimat menjadi frasa, frasa menjadi kata. Jika rangkaian gagasan panjang, gantilah dengan suatu gagasan sentral saja.
   3. Besarnya ringkasan tergantung jumlah alinea dan topik utama yang akan dimasukkan dalam ringkasan. Ilustrasi, contoh, deskripsi, dsb. dapat dihilangkan, kecuali yang dianggap penting.
   4. Jika memungkinkan, buanglah semua keterangan atau kata sifat yang ada, meski terkadang sebuah kata sifat atau keterangan masih dipertahankan untuk menjelaskan gagasan umum yang tersirat dalam rangkaian keterangan atau rangkaian kata sifat yang terdapat dalam naskah.
   5. Anda harus mempertahankan susunan gagasan dan urutan naskah. Tapi yang sudah dicatat dari karangan asli itulah yang harus dirumuskan kembali dalam kalimat ringkasan Anda. Jagalah juga agar tidak ada hal yang baru atau pikiran Anda sendiri yang dimasukkan dalam ringkasan.
   6. Agar dapat membedakan ringkasan sebuah tulisan biasa (bahasa tak langsung) dan sebuah pidato/ceramah (bahasa langsung) yang menggunakan sudut pandang orang pertama tunggal atau jamak, ringkasan pidato atau ceramah itu harus ditulis dengan sudut pandangan orang ketiga.
   7. Dalam sebuah ringkasan ditentukan pula panjangnya. Karena itu, Anda harus melakukan seperti apa yang diminta. Bila diminta membuat ringkasan menjadi seperseratus dari karangan asli, maka haruslah membuat demikian. Untuk memastikan apakah ringkasan yang dibuat sudah seperti yang diminta, silakan hitung jumlah seluruh kata dalam karangan itu dan bagilah dengan seratus. Hasil pembagian itulah merupakan panjang karangan yang harus ditulisnya. Perhitungan ini tidak dimaksudkan agar Anda menghitung secara tepat jumlah riil kata yang ada. Tapi perkiraan yang dianggap mendekati kenyataan. Jika Anda harus meringkaskan suatu buku yang tebalnya 250 halaman menjadi sepersepuluhnya, perhitungan yang harus Anda lakukan adalah sebagai berikut:
      1. Panjang karangan asli (berupa kata) adalah: Jumlah halaman x Jumlah baris per halaman x Jumlah kata per baris = 250 x 35 X 9 kata = 78.750 kata.
      2. Panjang ringkasan berupa jumlah kata adalah: 78.750 : 10 = 7.875 kata. Panjang ringkasan berupa jumlah halaman ketikan adalah: jika kertas yang dipergunakan berukuran kuarto, jarak antar baris dua spasi, tiap baris rata-rata sembilan kata, pada halaman kertas kuarto dapat diketik 25 baris dengan jarak dua spasi, maka: Jumlah kata per halaman adalah: 25x 9 kata = 225. Jumlah halaman yang diperlukan adalah: 7.875:225 = 35 halaman.
      
      
      sumber:http://www.sabda.org/pelitaku/cara_membuat_ringkasan